Attiya Jamil, Supervisor Dr. Demet IRKLI ERYILDIZ and Dr. Feride SENER
Okan University, Faculty of Art, Design and Architecture, Department of Architecture, İstanbul, Türkiye
ABSTRACT
Wars and armed conflicts wreak havoc on our built environment, our cities and towns, killing both the social and physical fabric where we live. These horrible tragedies lead to very important questions after the fact: How can those affected rebuild their lives and how can architecture help bring people together to restore peace and harmony? Architecture, as a physical and symbolic medium, can heal the psychological and social wounds brought on by war in addition to the actual destruction.This thesis explores the transformative potential of architecture in fostering the nurturance and sustainability of peace through post-war reconstruction. It provides a logical link between how architects can strive to bridge middle-range and grassroots leaders with their contribution to Lederach’s conflict transformation theory. There is revealed the potential to utilize collaboratively designed culturally relevant design in processes to restore cultural identity and reestablish lost trust, as well as to empower the communities affected.
The research aims to illustrate how architects have successfully implemented local contexts in post-conflict reconstruction through the examination of vibrant case studies such as the Berlin Wall Memorial in Germany, the Kartarpur Corridor between India and Pakistan, Pyla Bi-Communal Village in Cyprus, and Hiroshima Peace Memorial in Japan. These examples clearly show that architecture is not only a technical but also a major social instrument in promoting resilience and reconciliation.The following thesis, therefore, affirms that the architect can be an agent of huge change and also contends that architects become much more active within humanitarian endeavors. In post-conflict reconstruction, for instance, the active involvement of architects might allow communities to heal, rebuild lost social cohesion, and find sustained peace.
- Introduction
Apart from changing the physical spaces, wars and conflicts also leave deep scars that affect the mental landscape, divide communities, and displace cultural identities. The reconstruction following a conflict goes beyond physical infrastructure because it also means repairing social fabric, trust, and culture. In those areas, TRADITIONALLY, Architecture as a field focuses on the built environment can contribute to and build lasting peace (Jones, 2020).However, in post-conflict reconstruction, architecture is more than technicality. As it can be a good social instrument that reconciles and connects people back to their community. A good illustration of this point is the Old Bridge in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, which was built post-Bosnian War and has become a powerful metaphor of cultural identity and overflowing unity, as warned by Bevan in 2006. Likewise, one of many structures to respond this way is the Hiroshima Peace Memorial, embodying how the architectural intervention can become a strong symbol of resilience and peace.
We will elaborate on this concept later. The Peacebuilding Architecture framework enables the UN to adopt a more inclusive and participatory approach, while effective rehabilitation harmonizes cultural sensitivity
1.1Objective
The core purpose of this research is observing the relationship between architecture and the process of peacebuilding. These questions relate to:
- How architecture has created reconciliation and social cohesion.
- How design helps solve some post-conflict problems and encourages sustainable development.
- How strategies and typologies are being implemented by architects in order to create spaces inclusive and culturally sensitive for everybody.
1.2 Research Questions
In this article, these questions shall be answered:
- How can architecture be utilized in building peaceful coexistence within conflict-afflicted areas?
- What are the main challenges and strategies that architects face in designing post-conflict spaces?
- What are the lessons to be learned from successful architectural interventions in divided communities?
1.3 Methodology
This is a qualitative study, and data will be drawn from case studies, literature reviews, and comparative analyses. Case studies are selected based on Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park, Bundeswehr Military Museum, Kartarpur Corridor, Pyla Bi-Communal Village, and the Berlin Wall Memorial-these are all different viewpoints of peacebuilding through architecture. Public participation, cultural integration, and design strategies will also be analyzed within post-conflict rebuilding.
Literature/Background
2 Literature Review
2.1The Evolution of Architecture in Peacebuilding
Architecture has always been deeply intertwined with societal development and conflict resolution. From ancient civilizations to contemporary urban planning, architectural spaces have served as a means to foster social cohesion, cultural identity, and reconciliation. For example, the agora in ancient Greece was a central public space promoting civic engagement and community bonding, while Renaissance-era structures like the Palazzo Vecchio in Florence symbolized political stability and social order (Blum, 2005).
Post-war reconstruction efforts, such as the rebuilding of Warsaw’s Old Town and Dresden’s Frauenkirche, exemplify how architecture can be used to heal communities, preserve cultural heritage, and promote unity. In Japan, the Hiroshima Peace Memorial not only commemorates the victims of the atomic bombing but also serves as a global symbol of resilience and the pursuit of peace (Kido, 2000).
2.2Architects’ Social Responsibility in Post-Conflict Settings
Architects play a pivotal role in addressing the needs of communities affected by conflict. Beyond designing functional spaces, they create environments that promote healing, inclusion, and sustainability. Projects like the Kigali Genocide Memorial in Rwanda integrate spaces for reflection, education, and reconciliation, addressing the emotional and psychological needs of survivors (Woods, 1993). Similarly, the Gando Primary School in Burkina Faso, designed by Francis Kéré, showcases how community involvement in architectural projects fosters ownership and strengthens social cohesion (Campbell, 2008).
2.3Architecture as a Tool for Sustainability and Resilience
Modern architecture emphasizes sustainability in post-conflict reconstruction, integrating green technologies and adaptive designs to address environmental challenges and resource scarcity. For example, the Makoko Floating School in Nigeria demonstrates how innovative, climate-responsive design can meet community needs while promoting environmental sustainability (Tejjy, n.d.).
Technological advancements, such as 3D modeling and GIS mapping, have enhanced the precision and efficiency of architectural planning in post-conflict settings. These tools enable architects to design spaces that align with local cultural and social contexts, ensuring functionality and emotional resonance (Lederach, 1997).
2.4 Memorials and Museums in Conflict Resolution
Memorials and museums are powerful tools for preserving history, honoring victims, and fostering dialogue. The Vietnam Veterans Memorial in Washington, D.C., designed by Maya Lin, allows visitors to connect emotionally with the names of fallen soldiers, fostering personal reflection and collective memory (Blum, 2005). Similarly, the reconstruction of the Old Bridge in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina, symbolizes reconciliation and the bridging of divides between communities (Harvard Projects, n.d.).
Museums like the Imperial War Museum in London serve as repositories of history and education, using artifacts and narratives to teach lessons about conflict, resilience, and the human spirit. These institutions underscore the importance of learning from history to build a more peaceful future (Blum, 2005).
2.6 Challenges in Peace-Oriented Architecture
The implementation of peace-oriented architecture faces numerous challenges, including political instability, resource constraints, and logistical hurdles. Architects must navigate cultural sensitivities and power imbalances to ensure that their designs address the needs of all stakeholders. In Haiti, post-earthquake rebuilding efforts highlighted the importance of incorporating traditional styles and community input to ensure acceptance and relevance (Campbell, 2008).
Collaboration between architects and philanthropic organizations can help overcome these challenges. For instance, programs like Pathway to Equity in the United States equip architects with the skills and tools needed for humanitarian design, emphasizing participatory approaches and sustainability (Harvard Projects, n.d.).
2.7 The Role of Architects in Humanitarian Efforts
Architects play a crucial role in addressing humanitarian needs by designing spaces that provide shelter, safety, and dignity to affected populations. Humanitarian architecture focuses on creating environments that support basic needs while fostering community resilience. For example, initiatives by universities like RMIT and Aalto University emphasize the importance of training architects in humanitarian design, preparing them to address challenges in disaster and conflict zones (Tejjy, n.d.).
Lebbeus Woods’s (1993) work on post-war reconstruction in Sarajevo provides a radical perspective on the integration of conflict’s scars into architectural design. His approach of incorporating “injections” and “scabs” into urban landscapes emphasizes resilience and continuity, reflecting the transformative potential of architecture in conflict recovery.
2.8 Theoretical Constructs: Conflict Transformation in Architecture
Lederach’s (1997) theory of conflict transformation provides a framework for understanding how architecture can contribute to peacebuilding. His three-tiered pyramid highlights the interconnected roles of top leadership, middle-range actors, and grassroots organizations in promoting sustainable peace. Architects often operate at the middle-range level, designing spaces that facilitate dialogue and collaboration between communities. For example, the restoration of the Great Mosque of Djenné in Mali served as a platform for cultural preservation and community engagement (Harvard Projects, n.d.).
Figure 1: John Paul Lederach’s Peacebuilding Pyramid
R2.9ebuilding Cities: Case Studies of Success
The reconstruction of Sarajevo and Dresden demonstrates how architecture can foster reconciliation and community resilience. In Sarajevo, shared public spaces were designed to promote inclusivity and dialogue among ethnically divided communities (Campbell, 2008). Dresden’s Frauenkirche, rebuilt using original materials and modern techniques, symbolizes reconciliation and cultural continuity, serving as a space for worship and dialogue (Blum, 2005).
Hiroshima’s Peace Memorial Park, designed by Kenzo Tange, integrates natural elements with urban functionality, creating a space for reflection and education. This approach not only commemorates the past but also inspires hope for a peaceful future (Kido, 2000).Typologies of Peace Architecture: Exploring the Role of Design in Peacebuilding
3 Typologies of Peace Architecture
Architecture has long served as a tool for fostering peace, unity, and reconciliation. Different architectural typologies address varied peacebuilding needs, creating spaces for reflection, education, interaction, and healing.
i. Memorials and Monuments
Memorials and monuments honor victims, foster collective memory, and promote healing. For instance, the Berlin Holocaust Memorial by Peter Eisenman uses 2,711 concrete slabs to evoke reflection on the Holocaust’s horrors (Eisenman, 1993). Similarly, Maya Lin’s Vietnam Veterans Memorial features a reflective granite wall inscribed with the names of fallen soldiers, fostering personal connections and mourning (Lin, 1982).
ii. Museums and Cultural Centers
These spaces preserve history and provide platforms for education and dialogue. The Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum highlights the devastation of nuclear war and advocates for disarmament (Hiroshima Peace Memorial Museum, 2023). Similarly, the Apartheid Museum in South Africa chronicles the nation’s journey from apartheid to democracy, encouraging reconciliation and awareness (Phelan, 2013).
iii. Community Centers
Community centers promote social interaction and cultural activities, rebuilding community ties. Examples include Kunlé Adeyemi’s Makoko Floating School in Nigeria, addressing educational and environmental challenges (Adeyemi, 2013), and the Fawood Children’s Center in the UK, offering diverse families educational and social services (UN-Habitat, 2017).
iv. Spiritual Spaces
Spiritual spaces provide sanctuaries for healing, reflection, and interfaith dialogue. India’s Lotus Temple, a Baha’i house of worship, symbolizes unity and inclusivity (Burkle, 2001). St. Paul’s Chapel in New York became a hub of healing and resilience after the 9/11 attacks (Dunlap, 2001).
v. Parks and Gardens
Serene environments like parks and gardens encourage healing, ecological preservation, and social interaction. Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park by Kenzo Tange fosters remembrance and global peace advocacy (Tange, 1954), while Millennium Park in Chicago combines art and green spaces to promote urban harmony (Smith, 2005).
vi. Areas of Intervention
In post-conflict zones, architecture helps rebuild infrastructure and restore cultural identity. The Mostar Bridge in Bosnia, reconstructed by UNESCO, symbolizes reconciliation (UNESCO, 2005), while the Srebrenica Memorial Center commemorates genocide victims through a cemetery and educational center (ICTY, 2010).
In ongoing conflict areas, architecture provides immediate relief. For example, modular healthcare facilities in Iraq’s Domiz Refugee Camp serve displaced populations (UNHCR, 2017), and temporary learning spaces in Gaza ensure continued education for children in war-affected zones (UNICEF, 2018).
vii. Potential Volatility
In volatile regions, proactive architectural designs mitigate social tensions. The Peace Park on the Korean DMZ fosters reconciliation between North and South Korea (UNDP, 2021). Ahmedabad’s Riverfront Development in India revitalized urban spaces, reducing social conflicts and creating inclusive public areas (Desai & Mistry, 2017).
Fgure 2: An Enhanced Conceptual Illustration Featuring The Transition From Past Ruins To Vibrant, Sustainable Spaces, Emphasizing The Transformative Power Of Architecture In Peacebuilding. It Showcases The Journey From Conflict And Devastation To Recovery, Healing, And Inclusivity.
3.1This research investigates the role of architecture in fostering peace and reconciliation, particularly in post-conflict societies. The questionnaire gathered data from architects, town planners, researchers, and students to explore the impact of design on psychological healing, cultural restoration, and social cohesion. With participants from diverse professional backgrounds, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of how architecture can influence and shape societal recovery and unity.
Detailed Findings
- Interactive Public Spaces
An overwhelming 91.2% of participants recognized public spaces, such as parks, plazas, and marketplaces, as essential tools for fostering dialogue and easing tensions. These spaces are seen as neutral environments where people from diverse backgrounds can interact without prejudice. Public spaces not only facilitate dialogue but also offer opportunities for cultural exchange, community gatherings, and shared activities, reinforcing bonds in divided communities. For example, Sarajevo’s green spaces have been repurposed post-conflict as areas for both leisure and reflection, creating environments that promote emotional recovery (Smith, 2005). - Cultural Restoration
Restoring cultural and historical monuments was supported by 89% of respondents, who emphasized the critical role such efforts play in reinforcing community identity and fostering reconciliation. Projects like the Hiroshima Peace Memorial (Tange, 1954) and Kartarpur Corridor (Adeyemi, 2013) symbolize resilience and unity, helping societies bridge historical grievances. Cultural restoration not only preserves shared heritage but also provides a platform for communities to rediscover their collective identity and pride. - Inclusive and Participatory Design
The importance of inclusive design was highlighted by 91% of participants, who advocated for participatory practices involving local communities in the design process. Engaging community members ensures that the architectural solutions are culturally relevant and socially accepted. Examples such as Pyla Village in Cyprus and the Dresden Military Museum illustrate the value of collaborative efforts in designing spaces that reflect the needs and aspirations of diverse groups (UN-Habitat, 2017). Inclusive design fosters ownership among community members, increasing the likelihood of long-term success and sustainability. - Psychological and Social Benefits of Green Spaces
Green spaces were identified by 90% of participants as key contributors to psychological healing and social cohesion. These spaces provide tranquil environments for emotional recovery, particularly in urban settings that have experienced prolonged conflict. Furthermore, they serve as communal spaces for social interaction, recreation, and cultural exchange. The dual role of green spaces in offering therapeutic benefits and fostering community interaction was repeatedly emphasized. Examples like Sarajevo’s revitalized parks demonstrate their effectiveness in addressing both emotional and social recovery needs (Smith, 2005). - Memorials and Monuments
Memorials and monuments were recognized by 89% of respondents as crucial for fostering collective memory and encouraging reflection on shared histories. These structures serve as educational tools and healing spaces, providing a platform for dialogue and understanding. Examples like the Berlin Wall Memorial (UNESCO, 2005) illustrate how memorials can act as symbols of reconciliation, inspiring unity while preserving the memory of past conflicts. Their design often incorporates educational elements, making them accessible to younger generations who can learn from historical events.
3.2 Challenges Identified
Despite the positive outcomes, several challenges were identified that hinder the implementation of peace-oriented architectural designs. Key challenges include:
- Resource Constraints: Limited funding and material availability restrict the scale and scope of projects (UNDP, 2021).
- Cultural and Political Divisions: Persistent historical grievances and political tensions often obstruct collaborative efforts (ICTY, 2010).
- Bureaucratic Barriers: Administrative delays and complex regulations impede timely project execution (UNHCR, 2017).
- Stakeholder Engagement: Minimal involvement of local communities and policymakers can lead to designs that fail to address cultural and social needs (Adeyemi, 2013).
3.3 Impact and Relevance of the Research
This research offers significant insights for architects, policymakers, and urban planners on the role of architecture in peacebuilding. The findings emphasize the transformative power of inclusive and participatory design, cultural restoration, and green spaces in fostering psychological recovery and social cohesion. Architects can use these insights to create designs that address the unique needs of post-conflict societies, promoting resilience and unity (Phelan, 2013).
For policymakers, the research highlights the need for collaborative efforts and the removal of bureaucratic barriers to ensure timely and effective implementation. By involving local communities and integrating cultural sensitivity into planning processes, policymakers can create environments that encourage dialogue and mutual understanding (UN-Habitat, 2017).
3.4 Learning Outcomes
The key learning outcomes of this research are as follows:
- Cultural Sensitivity: Designing spaces that reflect and respect cultural diversity fosters community acceptance and unity (Burkle, 2001).
- Community Involvement: Engaging communities in the design process ensures relevance and ownership, increasing the likelihood of success (UN-Habitat, 2017).
- Sustainability: Incorporating green spaces and eco-friendly materials addresses environmental challenges while promoting peace (UNDP, 2021).
- Educational Opportunities: Memorials and cultural centers can act as platforms for educating future generations on the importance of peace and reconciliation (UNICEF, 2018).
- Collaborative Approaches: Effective peacebuilding requires partnerships between architects, policymakers, and local stakeholders to overcome challenges and maximize impact (UNESCO, 2005).
Conclusion
This research underscores the pivotal role of architecture in shaping post-conflict recovery and fostering long-term peace. By integrating inclusive practices, cultural restoration, and green spaces into urban design, architects and policymakers can create environments that promote healing, dialogue, and unity. These findings provide a framework for future projects, offering valuable insights for professionals seeking to address the complexities of post-conflict recovery. Ultimately, this study highlights architecture’s potential to transcend physical structures, becoming a transformative tool for societal change and reconciliation.
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