Today we are going to delve into the history of mobile phone networks, from their beginnings back in the early 80s of the last centuries with the 1G network, to the present day with 5G.
Each generation has some standards, technical capabilities and new features that differentiate it from the previous one, for example, the equipment was sold exclusively by telephone operators, with the evolution today, a phone can be used anywhere in the world just by unlock imei. Below is a brief summary of the chronology of this evolution.
First generation (1G) mobile communication network
The 1st commercial automated mobile communication network was launched by NTT in Japan in 1979, followed by the launch of the Nordic Mobile Phone (NMT) system in Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden, in 1981.
Year – 1970 – 1980
Standards – AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System).
Services – Voice Only
Technology – analogue
Speed – 1kbps to 2.4kbps
Multiplexing – FDMA
Switching – circuit switching
Core Network – PSTN
Frequency – 800- 900 MHz
Second Generation (2G) Mobile Communication Network
GSM technology was the first to facilitate digital voice and data, as well as international roaming allowing the customer to go from one place to another.
Year – 1980 -1990
Technology – Digital
Speed – 14kbps to 64Kbps
Frequency band – 850 – 1900 MHz (GSM) and 825 – 849 MHz (CDMA)
Bandwidth/Channel – GSM divides each 200 kHz channel into 25 kHz blocks The CDMA channel is nominally 1.23 MHz
Multiplexing/Access Technology – TDMA and CDMA.
Standards – GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), IS-95 (CDMA) – used in America and parts of Asia), JDC (Japanese Digital Cellular) (based on TDMA), used in Japan, iDEN (based on TDMA), proprietary communication network used by Nextel in the United States.
Generation 2.5
Introduction of packet network to provide transfer and high-speed data internet.
Year – 2000- 2003
Standards – General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and EDGE (GSM Enhanced Data Rates)
Frequency: 850 -1900 MHz
Speed – 115kpbs (GPRS) / 384 kbps (EDGE)
Switching – Packet switching for data transfer
Multiplexing – Gaussian Keying-GMSK (GPRS) and EDGE (8-PSK) Minimum Displacement
Services – push-to-talk, multimedia, web-based entertainment information, WAP support, MMS, SMS mobile gaming, search and directory, email access, video conferencing.
Third Generation (3G) mobile communication network
The goal of 3G systems was to offer increased data rates, facilitate growth, greater voice and data capacity, support for various applications, and high data transmission at a low cost.
The data is sent through the technology of a technology called Packet Switching. Voice calls are translated using circuit switching.
Year – 2000
Standards:
UMTS (WCDMA) based on GSM (Global Systems for Mobile) 2G system infrastructure, standardized by 3GPP.
CDMA 2000 based on CDMA (IS-95) 2G standard technology, standardized by 3GPP2.
TD-SCDMA radio interface that was marketed in 2009 and is only offered in China
Speed: 384KBPS 2Mbps
Frequency: approximately 8 to 2.5 GHz
Bandwidth: 5 to 20 MHz
Multiplexing and Access Technologies
Services – mobile voice telephony, high-speed Internet access, fixed wireless Internet access, video calling, chat and conferencing, mobile television, video-on-demand, location-based services.
Fourth Generation (4G) Mobile Communication Network
The fourth-generation mobile system is entirely IP-based. The main purpose of 4G technology is to provide high-speed, high-quality, high-capacity, security, and low-cost services for voice and data, multimedia, and internet over IP services.
To use the 4G mobile communication network, users’ terminals must be able to select the target wireless system. To provide wireless services anytime, anywhere, terminal mobility is a key factor in 4G.
- Start – 2010s. In 2008, ITU-R specifies requirements for 4G systems
- Standards – Long-Term Evolution Time-Division Duplex (LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD) mobile WiMAX standard (802.16m standardized by IEEE)
- Speed – 100 Mbps on the move and 1 Gbps when stationary.
- New frequencies, wider frequency channel bandwidth.
- Multiplexing/Access Technologies – OFDM, MC-CDMA, CDMA, and LAS-Red-LMDS
- Bandwidth – 5-20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz
- Services – mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video conferencing, 3D television, cloud computing, multi-stream broadcast management.
Fifth Generation (5G) Mobile Communication Network
Start year – 2015
The physical and data link layer defines 5G wireless technology indicating that it is an Open Wireless Architecture (OWA) technology.
In 5G technology, the bitrate loss is overcome by the Open Transport Protocol (OTP). The OTP is supported by Transport and Session Layer.
Speed – 1 to 10 Gbps.
Bandwidth – 1,000x bandwidth per unit area.
Frequency – 3 to 300 GHz
Multiplexing/Access Technologies – CDMA & BDMA
Other features
- Real-time performance – fast response, low jitter, latency and delay
- Very high broadband speed – Gigabit data rates, high quality coverage, multi spectrum
- Around 90% reduction in energy consumption to the grid.
- Its radio technology will facilitate different versions of radio technologies to share the same spectrum efficiently.
Services: – Some of the apps are important – people and devices connected anywhere at any time. Your app will make the real world a Wi-Fi hotspot. Mobile IP address assigned according to the connected network and geographical position. Radio signal also at higher altitudes.
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